Fortresses became full-scale war machines, whose design involved the participation of technical specialists like Luciano Laurana, Baccio Pontelli, the Sangallos, and Francesco di Giorgio. The latter devoted the most important section of his Treatise to military technology. He applied the new fortification principles to the system of fortresses planned by Federico da Montefeltro in the Marca Urbinate, where he arrived at an admirable balance between efficiency and esthetic quality.
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