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Florence - Galileo: landmarks of memory

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Facade of the Central National Library of Florence.

Facade of the Central National Library of Florence.

© Institute and Museum of the History of Science / Marco Berni

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Museo Galileo - Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza [Museo Galileo - Institute and Museum of the History of Science]

Palazzo Castellani, headquarters of the Museo Galileo - Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence.

Room I - The Medici Collections, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room II - Astronomy and Time, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room III - The Representation of the World, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room V - The Science of Navigation, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room VI - The Science of Warfare, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room VII - Galileo’s New World, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room VII - Galileo’s New World, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room VIII - The Accademia del Cimento: Art and Experimental Science, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room IX, After Galileo: Exploring The Physical and Biological World, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room X - The Lorraine Collections, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room XI - The Spectacle of Science, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room XII - Teaching and Popularizing Science, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room XIII - Teaching and Popularizing Science, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room XIV - The Precision Instrument Industry, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room XV - Measuring Natural Phenomena, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room XVI - Measuring Natural Phenomena, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room XVII - Chemistry and the Public Usefulness of Science, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Allestimento di Room XVIII - Science at home, Museo Galileo, Florence.

"Frog" thermometers for clinical use, mid XVII cent., Florentine manufacture, Medici Collections (Accademia del Cimento nucleus), Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2449), Florence.

Surveying instrument, Baldassarre Lanci, 1557, Florence, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 152), Florence.

Horary quadrant, Christoph Schissler, 1599, Augsburg, Medici Collections (Mattias de' Medici nucleus), Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 155), Florence.

Nocturnal and sundial, Girolamo della Volpaia, 1568, Florence, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2503), Florence.

Instrument of the "Primum Mobile", Egnatio Danti, Florence 1568, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2643), Florence.

Quadrant, Thobias Volckmer, 1608, Braunschweig, Medici Collections (Mattias de' Medici nucleus), Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2465, 1495), Florence.

Objective lens by Galileo, lens: late 1609 - early 1610, frame: 1677, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2429), Florence.

Jovilabe, second half XVII cent., Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 3178), Florence.

Proportional compass by Galileo Galilei, 1606 ca., Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2430), Florence.

Mathematical compendium, Hans Christoph Schissler, Jr., XVI cent., German manufacture, Medici Collections (Mattias de' Medici nucleus), Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2467), Florence.

Grand Duke Peter Leopold's chemistry cabinet, XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 319), Florence.

Box for mathematical instruments, Christoph Schissler, late XVI cent., German manufacture, Medici Collections (Mattias de' Medici nucleus), Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2532), Florence.

Calculating machine, Henri Sutton and Samuel Knibb, 1664, London, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 679), Florence.

Surveying compass, XVI cent., Italian manufacture, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 144), Florence.

Armillary sphere, Antonio Santucci, 1588-1593, Florence, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 714), Florence.

Quadrant, Thomas Gemini, mid XVI cent., English manufacture, Medici Collections (Legacy of Robert Dudley), Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2509), Florence.

Astrolabe, XIII cent., probable French construction, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1107), Florence.

Galilean telescope, Galileo Galilei, 1610-1630, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2428), Florence.

Table clock, Caspar Rauber [attrib.], 1575 ca., southern Germany, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 3370), Florence.

"Infingardo" thermometer, mid XVII cent., Florentine manufacture, Medici Collections Accademia del Cimento nucleus), Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 190), Florence.

Compound microscope, George Adams, Sr., 1770 ca., London, Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1223, 502), Florence.

Nautical astrolabe, Francisco de Goes, 1608, Portuguese manufacture, Medici Collections (Legacy of Robert Dudley), Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1119), Florence.

Polyhedral dial, Stefano Buonsignori, XVI cent., Florence, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2459), Florence.

Nobile's electromagnetic kit to demonstrate the electromagnetic properties of currents, 1833 ca., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1553), Florence.

Optical toy, Ludovico Buti, 1593, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 3197), Florence

Hydrostatic balance, mid XVII cent., Florentine manufacture, Medici Collections Accademia del Cimento nucleus), Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 27), Florence.

Model of water-raising machine, late XVIII cent., Florence, Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 983), Florence.

Volta hydrogen lamp, 1790 ca., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1243), Florence.

Apparatus to demonstrate the isochronism of falls along a spiral on a paraboloid, first half XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 976), Florence.

Apparatus to demonstrate the parabolic trajectory of projectiles, late XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 968), Florence.

Double cone on inclined plane (mechanical paradox), second half XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 3387), Florence.

Paper-disk hygrometer, Adams, second half XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 411, 4), Florence.

Marsilio Landriani's eudiometer, 1776, Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1371), Florence.

Theodolite, Nairne & Blunt Firm, 1774-1793, London, Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 584), Florence.

Rotation machine for experiments involving centrifugal force, second half XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1027), Florence.

Middle finger of the right hand of Galileo Galilei, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2432), Florence.

Armed loadstone by Galileo Galilei, armature 1608 ca., Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2431), Florence.

Octagonal telescope, Eustachio Divini, 1674, Rome, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2557), Florence.

Drum electrical machine, 1776 ca., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 3408), Florence.

Cylinder dial, late XVI cent., Florence, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2457), Florence.

Lens-grinding lathe, Andrea Frati, second half XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 3194), Florence.

Registering barometer, Felice Fontana, late XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1163), Florence.

Globe electrical machine, Nollet type, 1775 ca., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2737), Florence.

Model of brachistocronous fall, Francesco Spighi, second half XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 966), Florence.

Reflecting microscope, Giovanni Battista Amici, 1815-1825, Modena, Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 3171), Florence.

Duc de Chaulnes' microscope, 1770 ca., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 3202), Florence.

Air pump, Nollet type, 1780 ca., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1534), Florence.

Binocular telescope, Chérubin d'Orléans, 1675 ca., French manufacture, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2563), Florence.

Twin-barrel air pump, 1743, Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1533), Florence.

Balance inside a wood and glass case, XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 567), Florence.

Newtonian telescope, Leto Guidi, XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2707), Florence.

Precision balance, XIX cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 997), Florence.

Balance, XIX cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 565), Florence.

Balance beam, XIX cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1348), Florence.

Table of affinities between different substances, Pietro Giuntini [attrib.], XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1899), Florence.

Sphere hydrometers, mid XVII cent., Florentine manufacture, Medici Collections Accademia del Cimento nucleus), Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 218-225, 227-236), Florence.

Surgical instruments for operations on the cranium, second half XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence.

Circle-dividing engine, 1762, Florence, Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 586, 3244), Florence.

Repeating circle, Georg Friedrich von Reichenbach, first half XIX cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 576), Florence.

Burning-lens, Benedetto Bregans (lens), Francesco Spighi, Gaspero Mazzeranghi, (mounting), 1690 (lens), 1767 (mounting), Medici Collections (lens); Lorraine Collections (mounting), Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2545, 2710 bis), Flor

Reading room in the Library of the Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence.

Reading room in the Library of the Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence.

Reading room in the Library of the Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence.

Reading room in the Library of the Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence.

In the foreground, Palazzo Castellani, headquarters of the Museo Galileo - Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence

Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze BNCF [Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze (Central National Library of Florence)]

Facade of the Central National Library of Florence.

High-relief sculptural portrayal of Galileo Galilei, side wall of the Central National Library of Florence.

Facade of the Central National Library of Florence.

Side wall of the Central National Library of Florence.

Bas-relief on the facade of the Central National Library of Florence.

Bas-relief on the facade of the Central National Library of Florence.

Bronze statue of Galileo Galilei, tower of the Central National Library of Florence.

Bas-relief on the facade of the Central National Library of Florence.

Bas-relief on the facade of the Central National Library of Florence.

Bas-relief on the facade of the Central National Library of Florence.

Bas-relief on the facade of the Central National Library of Florence.

Bas-relief on the facade of the Central National Library of Florence.

Bas-relief on the facade of the Central National Library of Florence.

Tribuna di Galileo

Statue of Galileo Galilei, by Aristodemo Costoli, Tribuna di Galileo, Florence.

"Alessandro Volta presents the experiment of the Volta battery to Napoleon", fresco by Gaspero Martellini to a cartoon by Nicola Cianfanelli, Tribuna di Galileo, Florence.

"Leonardo da Vinci in the presence of Lodovico il Moro", fresco by Nicola Cianfanelli, Tribuna di Galileo, Florence.

"Galileo presents his telescope to the Venetian Senate gathered on the bell tower of St. Mark's in Venice", fresco by Luigi Sabatelli, Tribuna di Galileo, Florence.

"Galileo demonstrates the law of falling bodies to Don Giovanni de' Medici", fresco by Giuseppe Bezzuoli, Tribuna di Galileo, Florence.

"Galileo as an old man with his disciples", fresco by Luigi Sabatelli, Tribuna di Galileo, Florence.

A meeting of the Accademia del Cimento, fresco by Gaspero Martellini, Tribuna di Galileo, Florence.

Front door of the Tribuna di Galileo surmounted by a stone tablet commemorating the inauguration of the building on the occasion of the Third Congress of Italian Scientists (1841), Florence.

"Galileo Observing the Lamp in the Cathedral of Pisa", fresco by Luigi Sabatelli, Galileo Tribune, Florence.

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Last update 28/feb/2008

© 2008 IMSS
Piazza dei Giudici 1
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Palazzo Castellani, headquarters of the Museo Galileo - Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence.

Room I - The Medici Collections, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room II - Astronomy and Time, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room III - The Representation of the World, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room V - The Science of Navigation, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room VI - The Science of Warfare, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room VII - Galileo’s New World, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room VII - Galileo’s New World, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room VIII - The Accademia del Cimento: Art and Experimental Science, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room IX, After Galileo: Exploring The Physical and Biological World, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room X - The Lorraine Collections, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room XI - The Spectacle of Science, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room XII - Teaching and Popularizing Science, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room XIII - Teaching and Popularizing Science, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room XIV - The Precision Instrument Industry, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room XV - Measuring Natural Phenomena, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room XVI - Measuring Natural Phenomena, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Room XVII - Chemistry and the Public Usefulness of Science, Museo Galileo, Florence.

Allestimento di Room XVIII - Science at home, Museo Galileo, Florence.

"Frog" thermometers for clinical use, mid XVII cent., Florentine manufacture, Medici Collections (Accademia del Cimento nucleus), Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2449), Florence.

Surveying instrument, Baldassarre Lanci, 1557, Florence, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 152), Florence.

Horary quadrant, Christoph Schissler, 1599, Augsburg, Medici Collections (Mattias de' Medici nucleus), Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 155), Florence.

Nocturnal and sundial, Girolamo della Volpaia, 1568, Florence, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2503), Florence.

Instrument of the "Primum Mobile", Egnatio Danti, Florence 1568, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2643), Florence.

Quadrant, Thobias Volckmer, 1608, Braunschweig, Medici Collections (Mattias de' Medici nucleus), Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2465, 1495), Florence.

Objective lens by Galileo, lens: late 1609 - early 1610, frame: 1677, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2429), Florence.

Jovilabe, second half XVII cent., Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 3178), Florence.

Proportional compass by Galileo Galilei, 1606 ca., Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2430), Florence.

Mathematical compendium, Hans Christoph Schissler, Jr., XVI cent., German manufacture, Medici Collections (Mattias de' Medici nucleus), Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2467), Florence.

Grand Duke Peter Leopold's chemistry cabinet, XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 319), Florence.

Box for mathematical instruments, Christoph Schissler, late XVI cent., German manufacture, Medici Collections (Mattias de' Medici nucleus), Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2532), Florence.

Calculating machine, Henri Sutton and Samuel Knibb, 1664, London, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 679), Florence.

Surveying compass, XVI cent., Italian manufacture, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 144), Florence.

Armillary sphere, Antonio Santucci, 1588-1593, Florence, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 714), Florence.

Quadrant, Thomas Gemini, mid XVI cent., English manufacture, Medici Collections (Legacy of Robert Dudley), Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2509), Florence.

Astrolabe, XIII cent., probable French construction, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1107), Florence.

Galilean telescope, Galileo Galilei, 1610-1630, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2428), Florence.

Table clock, Caspar Rauber [attrib.], 1575 ca., southern Germany, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 3370), Florence.

"Infingardo" thermometer, mid XVII cent., Florentine manufacture, Medici Collections Accademia del Cimento nucleus), Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 190), Florence.

Compound microscope, George Adams, Sr., 1770 ca., London, Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1223, 502), Florence.

Nautical astrolabe, Francisco de Goes, 1608, Portuguese manufacture, Medici Collections (Legacy of Robert Dudley), Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1119), Florence.

Polyhedral dial, Stefano Buonsignori, XVI cent., Florence, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2459), Florence.

Nobile's electromagnetic kit to demonstrate the electromagnetic properties of currents, 1833 ca., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1553), Florence.

Optical toy, Ludovico Buti, 1593, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 3197), Florence

Hydrostatic balance, mid XVII cent., Florentine manufacture, Medici Collections Accademia del Cimento nucleus), Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 27), Florence.

Model of water-raising machine, late XVIII cent., Florence, Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 983), Florence.

Volta hydrogen lamp, 1790 ca., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1243), Florence.

Apparatus to demonstrate the isochronism of falls along a spiral on a paraboloid, first half XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 976), Florence.

Apparatus to demonstrate the parabolic trajectory of projectiles, late XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 968), Florence.

Double cone on inclined plane (mechanical paradox), second half XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 3387), Florence.

Paper-disk hygrometer, Adams, second half XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 411, 4), Florence.

Marsilio Landriani's eudiometer, 1776, Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1371), Florence.

Theodolite, Nairne & Blunt Firm, 1774-1793, London, Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 584), Florence.

Rotation machine for experiments involving centrifugal force, second half XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1027), Florence.

Middle finger of the right hand of Galileo Galilei, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2432), Florence.

Armed loadstone by Galileo Galilei, armature 1608 ca., Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2431), Florence.

Octagonal telescope, Eustachio Divini, 1674, Rome, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2557), Florence.

Drum electrical machine, 1776 ca., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 3408), Florence.

Cylinder dial, late XVI cent., Florence, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2457), Florence.

Lens-grinding lathe, Andrea Frati, second half XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 3194), Florence.

Registering barometer, Felice Fontana, late XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1163), Florence.

Globe electrical machine, Nollet type, 1775 ca., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2737), Florence.

Model of brachistocronous fall, Francesco Spighi, second half XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 966), Florence.

Reflecting microscope, Giovanni Battista Amici, 1815-1825, Modena, Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 3171), Florence.

Duc de Chaulnes' microscope, 1770 ca., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 3202), Florence.

Air pump, Nollet type, 1780 ca., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1534), Florence.

Binocular telescope, Chérubin d'Orléans, 1675 ca., French manufacture, Medici Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2563), Florence.

Twin-barrel air pump, 1743, Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1533), Florence.

Balance inside a wood and glass case, XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 567), Florence.

Newtonian telescope, Leto Guidi, XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2707), Florence.

Precision balance, XIX cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 997), Florence.

Balance, XIX cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 565), Florence.

Balance beam, XIX cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1348), Florence.

Table of affinities between different substances, Pietro Giuntini [attrib.], XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 1899), Florence.

Sphere hydrometers, mid XVII cent., Florentine manufacture, Medici Collections Accademia del Cimento nucleus), Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 218-225, 227-236), Florence.

Surgical instruments for operations on the cranium, second half XVIII cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence.

Circle-dividing engine, 1762, Florence, Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 586, 3244), Florence.

Repeating circle, Georg Friedrich von Reichenbach, first half XIX cent., Lorraine Collections, Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 576), Florence.

Burning-lens, Benedetto Bregans (lens), Francesco Spighi, Gaspero Mazzeranghi, (mounting), 1690 (lens), 1767 (mounting), Medici Collections (lens); Lorraine Collections (mounting), Institute and Museum of the History of Science (inv. 2545, 2710 bis), Flor

Reading room in the Library of the Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence.

Reading room in the Library of the Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence.

Reading room in the Library of the Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence.

Reading room in the Library of the Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence.

In the foreground, Palazzo Castellani, headquarters of the Museo Galileo - Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence

Facade of the Central National Library of Florence.

High-relief sculptural portrayal of Galileo Galilei, side wall of the Central National Library of Florence.

Facade of the Central National Library of Florence.

Side wall of the Central National Library of Florence.

Bas-relief on the facade of the Central National Library of Florence.

Bas-relief on the facade of the Central National Library of Florence.

Bronze statue of Galileo Galilei, tower of the Central National Library of Florence.

Bas-relief on the facade of the Central National Library of Florence.

Bas-relief on the facade of the Central National Library of Florence.

Bas-relief on the facade of the Central National Library of Florence.

Bas-relief on the facade of the Central National Library of Florence.

Bas-relief on the facade of the Central National Library of Florence.

Bas-relief on the facade of the Central National Library of Florence.

Statue of Galileo Galilei, by Aristodemo Costoli, Tribuna di Galileo, Florence.

"Alessandro Volta presents the experiment of the Volta battery to Napoleon", fresco by Gaspero Martellini to a cartoon by Nicola Cianfanelli, Tribuna di Galileo, Florence.

"Leonardo da Vinci in the presence of Lodovico il Moro", fresco by Nicola Cianfanelli, Tribuna di Galileo, Florence.

"Galileo presents his telescope to the Venetian Senate gathered on the bell tower of St. Mark's in Venice", fresco by Luigi Sabatelli, Tribuna di Galileo, Florence.

"Galileo demonstrates the law of falling bodies to Don Giovanni de' Medici", fresco by Giuseppe Bezzuoli, Tribuna di Galileo, Florence.

"Galileo as an old man with his disciples", fresco by Luigi Sabatelli, Tribuna di Galileo, Florence.

A meeting of the Accademia del Cimento, fresco by Gaspero Martellini, Tribuna di Galileo, Florence.

Front door of the Tribuna di Galileo surmounted by a stone tablet commemorating the inauguration of the building on the occasion of the Third Congress of Italian Scientists (1841), Florence.

"Galileo Observing the Lamp in the Cathedral of Pisa", fresco by Luigi Sabatelli, Galileo Tribune, Florence.